Cook Chill

1. 0 INTRODUCTION Cook-chill and cook-freeze food productions are ways of producing foods that have been employed by many different organizations determining from the types of foods and services that the particular organization offers. These types of cooking methods work hand-in-hand with the kitchen designs. Kitchen design refers to the layout of kitchen equipment and positions of the working sections to produce foods that meet the needs of customers and thereby reaching the goals of the establishment. 2. 0 A KITCHENA kitchen is described as a building or a room in a building that has been specialized for cooking purposes only. Different establishments have their own types of kitchens with different designs that serve different purposes. Some kitchens are designed special for catering customers on transit such as Fast Food restaurants but some kitchens has to cater for a specific group of people using a specific type of service, thereby it has to have the right number of employees w ho will do the job and enough equipment to save time as well as energy. 3. 0 KITCHEN PLANSThere are different types of kitchen plans that have a specific purpose of operations. If a kitchen is designed for a particular way of production, it has also specific type of equipment available in that kitchen plan. There are different types of kitchen plan some of them are discussed below. 3. 1 Corridor kitchen A corridor type of kitchen, the appliances, cabinets and counter space are arranged on two facing walls. If the room is not too long, this can be an efficient kitchen. However, if both ends of the kitchen have doors, traffic through may create confusion. 3. 2 U-shaped kitchenThis type of kitchen is usually considered to be the best type of a kitchen which has the best work triangle because of its convenient arrangement and short walking space between appliances. It has a determined floor space and accommodates a determined number of workers. 3. 3 L-shaped kitchen This type of a kitch en creates an easy-to-use work triangle. If the kitchen space is large enough, an eating center can be included. This is the situation whereby customers serve themselves. 3. 4Center type of kitchen This type of kitchen is the most common type of kitchens that most establishments have employed.The working area is on the center as the name suggests but does not provide enough space. Figure 3. 4. 1 3. 5 Island type of kitchen All the necessary equipment in the kitchen is placed back to back in the middle of the working area. This type of setting requires an adequate space to allow an easy flow and enough space between the equipment for easy cleaning and to avoid creating dark areas that introduces insects. 4. 0 WORK CENTERS A work center is an area that focuses on a particular type of work activity such as preparation or cooking.Includes appliances and work space and that the necessary equipment is stored within for easy reach as depicted in figure 4. 0. Figure 4. 0. A chef preparing a meal from a working center. 4. 1 Refrigerator-freezer center * The refrigerator and the freezer have space next to them to use when loading or unloading foods. * A storage space is needed for items used to package food for refrigeration. * Storage space for items used when serving refrigerated or frozen foods. 4. 2 Range center(gas/ electric range) * Cabinet storage for foods used at this center. Storage space for pots, pans, cooking tools such as ladles, wooden spoons and pot handlers. 4. 3 Sink or cleanup center * Appliances such as dish washers and food waste disposers are found in these centers * Adequate space for stacking dishes 4. 4 Mixing center * Can be between two centers * Has several electrical outlets * Storage space for measuring, mixing and baking equipment and all the necessary ingredients 5. 0 TYPES OF KITCHEN ORGANISATIONS 5. 1 Conventional kitchen * They are suitable for small establishments They have fixed menus and banquets operating on rational basis * All dep artments are grouped together in blocks * Preparation and finishing are done in the same area 5. 2 Combined preparation and finishing kitchen * They are suitable for medium sized hotels or establishments * Preparation and finishing are done in the same section * In principle, preparation and finishing are totally or partially separated depending on the establishment 5. 3 Separate preparation and finishing kitchen( Satellite kitchen) * They are suitable for large establishments Preparation and finishing are done in separate sections; mis-en-place and the other one for finishing * Each section consists of one housing all the equipment for preparation of the dishes * Usually, they have no ranges, frying pans or steamed jacketed pots. Instead, they have grills, microwaves and Bain Marie. * 5. 4 Convenience food kitchen * a system of interest to the establishment that has no preparation kitchen but purchases only convenience foods * deals with the finishing of foods only and mostly canne d foods * require refrigerated and dry storage areasIn selection of these types of kitchen, consideration should be given * numbers of meals to prepared at each meal period * types of services * customer prices * system for serving meals * serving times for hot and cold meals 6. 0 FACTORS THAT DETERMINE THE DESIGN OF A KITCHEN 1. Service requirement: Management should be well aware of a food service objectives before planning its kitchen, type of menu and target numbers, etc usually determine the type of equipment to be in the kitchen 2. Space availability: One that maximizes space wage or that ensures efficient usage of space. 3.Amount of capital expenditure: Have an accurate idea of spending available since finances will often determine the overall design and acceptability. 4. Type of equipment available: Space provision for ventilation and power supply of the kitchen. 5. Use of convenience foods: Design of a fast food kitchen using ready-made foods will be different from that of a kitchen serving †¦. la carte menu. 7. 0 FOOD HYGIENE A number of factors may affect the quality and wholesomeness of food. * The premises, equipment and conditions in which it is stored * The care taken by food handlers to avoid contamination from other foods.Large scale handling of food by staff not trained or conscious of hygiene requirements is a major source of infection. In such circumstances, cross-contamination can easily occur. * Allocation of the kitchen * The number of people passing by the kitchen * Contact of cooked food with raw foods or utensils and surfaces contaminated by raw foods is likely to become infected * Segmentation of cooking sections may contaminate high risk foods such as cooked poultry and meat (pies, soups, stock) milk, creams, custards, shellfish, eggs, cooked rice and dairy products. 8. COOK-CHILL FOOD PRODUCTION Cook-chill, according to John Campbell,David Fasket and Victor Ceserani (2008), is a catering system based on the normal preparation and cooking of food followed by rapid chilling storage in controlled low-temperature conditions above freezing point, 0–3? , and subsequently reheating immediately before consumption. The chilled food is regenerated in finishing kitchens, which require low capital investment and minimum staff. Almost any food can be cook-chilled provided that the correct methods are used during the preparation. 8. 1 THE COOK-CHILL PROCESS The food should be cooked sufficiently to ensure destruction of any pathogenic microorganisms. The process must begin as soon as possible after completion of the cooking and portioning processes, within 30 minutes of leaving the cooker. * The food should be to 3? within a period of 90 minutes. Most pathogenic organisms will not grow below 7, while a temperature below 3? is required to reduce growth of spoilageand to achieve the required storage life. However, slow growth of spoilageorganisms does take place at these temperatures and for this reason storage l ife cannotbe greater than five days. The food should be stored at a temperature of 0–3? and should be distributed under such controlled conditions that any rise intemperature of the food during distribution is kept to a minimum. For both safety and palatability the reheating (regeneration) of the food should followimmediately upon the removal of the food from chilled conditions and should raise thetemperature to a level of at least 70?. The food should be consumed as soon as possible and not more than two hours afterreheating. Food not intended for reheating should be consumed as soon as convenientand within two hours of removal from storage.It is essential that unconsumed reheatedfood is discarded. 9. 0 COOK-FREEZE FOOD PRODUCTION This type of food production is similar with the cook-chill system of production. The only difference is temperature conditions that the foods are placed in. 10. 0 COOK-CHILL AND COOK-FREEZE FOOD PRODUCTION RELATING TO THE KITCHEN DESIGN A type of a kitchen determines what type of food production system to be employed. 1. A conventional type of kitchen produces fast foods therefore, it can adopt the cook-chill production system.It would be easy to reheat the foods in the microwave than to start preparing; beef stew takes long to prepare and for a fast food restaurant, time matters most. 2. L-shaped kitchen creates a large working area which also creates room for the cook-chill or cook-freeze equipment since the equipment is big and requires a larger space e. g the blast chillers and deep freezers as in figure 10. 0. Figure 3. 0. A chef preparing a meal using a Blast chiller. 3. A u-shaped kitchen, though considered to be the best, would not be the best type of kitchen for a cook-freeze type of production.The equipment might need one corner of the room which cannot be possible because the corners might be occupied with other equipment. 4. A corridor kitchen might also not be suitable for cook-chill systems because the equipmen t is placed in the sides of the kitchen which creates much space for an easy work flow but little storage and working areas. 11. 0 Conclusion Cook-chill and cook-freeze are food production methods that are commonly used nowadays to produce food in most of the hospitality establishments worldwide.The cook-chilling and cook-freezing areas in the kitchen are compatible parts of the kitchen plan and design, therefore, for these areas to exists in a kitchen it has to be planned at first when building the kitchen. BIBLIOGRAPHY Fellows, PJ(2000). Food Processing Technology: Principles And Practice 2nd ed. Woodhead: Cambridge Food Standards Agency(2002). The Composition Of Foods,6th ed. MacCance: Cambridge Kowtaluk, H. & Kopan, OA. (1990). Food For Today(4th ed). McGraw-Hill:New York

Language is a loaded weapon Essay

Language is that knowledge held by native speakers which, combined with the use of expressive faculties, enables them to communicate in spoken and written forms. Language is creative it can create ambience i. e. harmony, strife and war depending on how we use it, and the intentions of the user. Man is a complex being – each individual made so by unique & common experiences, which colour not only our reception/perception and interpretation of data but also influence our delivery. The way people deliver a message can alter the way we think, our understanding, perception, or approach. Language can be used honestly or dishonestly. To convey truth or to pervert truth, to persuade, to convince, to control, to unite, disunite, to make something clear or to mystify. Language is the tool we use to communicate. Its not just words it includes N. V. C (Non Verbal Communication, signals that we give out in the way we stand and move our body). Some interpretation of language is done at a subconscious level, instinctively. When interpreting the encoder’s message we consider his/her motivation. What are they trying to achieve? i. e. The way in which someone is listening or watching can indicate to you whether or not they are interested, disliking or are bored with what you are saying. You notice this on a subconscious almost subliminal level. If you are the encoder you adjust the way in which you speak so as the receiver decodes your message properly and doesn’t misunderstand what you have said. For example if you shout at someone they may get the impression you are angry with them, however you may have raised your voice to ensure they can hear you. To decode successfully many other aspects have to be considered about the encoder’s background, culture, belief system etc, over and above their motivation. Tone, pitch, volume, intonation, speed, hesitation, accent, emotion, even hormones, all affect both delivery and reception. Hence language is not a neutral tool; it is inadvertently biased in thousands of ways. All mankind is guilty of this fault. A clear example of this is propaganda, mass media, political persuasion, even the way history is written. For example in The Mirror after the September 11th incident, they produced a front page with the heading â€Å"My son the hijacker†. The way this title is worded makes you sympathise with the Mother, and shows us that the hijackers where not just people that had nothing to live for and no family, but people that had families. The subheading to this title was â€Å"I did not bring up my son to hate†¦ he was a good, kind, young man not an evil killer. † This brings reality to the fact that you think you know who and what type of person your son/daughter is, but then a tragic thing like this happens and you find out that perhaps you don’t really know who and what your child is really like. Another example that language is a loaded weapon is in The Sun’s October 4th paper, on page 11 there was a heading â€Å"Scouts leader ‘let boy, 10, die on mountain. † Your first reactions and emotions to this title are anger, hatred and spite towards the scout leader for letting a 10-year old boy die on a mountain. You then read on, to find out that the leader left the boy unsupervised at the rear of the group as they descended Mount Snowdon. This headline favours the boy, where as if the paper were writing in the favour of the leader you would perhaps have a heading more along the lines of â€Å"A young boy strayed on the descent of mount Snowdon, slipped and fell 500ft to his death. † This is an excellent example to show that â€Å"Language is a loaded weapon† this shows us that by simply changing the way in which this title is worded, creates a whole different perspective to the article. It can persuade you to feel sorry for the family of the boy and hatred towards the scout leader or to show consideration to the leader that the boy may have strayed from the path himself, slipped and fallen. Therefore language can be used to manipulate what you feel and in some ways is used to control you. Newspapers tell you what they think you should know not what you would like to know. An example of this was in the Daily Mirror 13th January 1996 page 7. A heading and its article entitled â€Å"Gulp! † took up nearly the whole of the page compared with a little box in the left hand corner which had the heading â€Å"Girls-raped by gang of 14. † When a few years later a similar thing happens to a boy this gets front-page news with the title of â€Å"A gay gang rapes boy, 19† from The Sun. The way these articles have been positioned and the amount they have had written on them manipulates what the mass media wants us to know. The way the second article is written shows us that the media try to control what we think. The heading itself creates a lot of emotions even though his age is given as nineteen, the word ‘boy’ is what immediately grabs your attention and causes your imagination to see a small child rather than a young man. Therefore taking in to consideration all these examples you find that language is not only a loaded weapon but is also â€Å"one thousand ways biased. † It can be used to manipulate what we think and what we think we know. We are told what to think and not asked to think about what we are told.

Behaviors leading to insomnia Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Behaviors leading to insomnia - Essay Example Other symptoms that manifest because of this condition are waking up too early and suffering from fatigue upon waking up (Morin et. al., 2011). Insomnia often manifests itself as either primary insomnia or secondary insomnia. Primary insomnia refers to sleeplessness that is not caused by any underlying condition while secondary insomnia is caused by an underlying medical condition (Buysse, 2013). The various medical conditions that can cause insomnia include asthma, arthritis, cancer, pain or medication being ingested by a person (Jarin, Chen, Ivers & Morin, 2013). This condition also manifests in self, depending on its duration, as either acute or chronic. Acute insomnia lasts a shorter time, a few weeks, while chronic insomnia lasts longer. There are varied effects that arise because of insomnia. Most of the effects of insomnia affect the quality of life and performance of daily tasks (Sasa et. al., 2010). In rare cases, insomnia results in death and this type of insomnia is referred to as fatal familial insomnia. First, insomnia decreases the quality of life in the form of lack of alertness and poor memory during the day (Sasa et. al., 2010). People who suffer from insomnia are more irritable, make more mistakes and develop poor relationships with their colleagues and spouses (Calhoun et. al., 2014). Insomnia further affects the concentration and performance of the brain. Those who suffer from this condition often suffer from mental health conditions such as nervousness, irritability and fatigue (Watts, Coyle & East, 2011). The lack of sleep affects the concentration span and focus. The brain requires several hours of sleep for it to achieve optimum concentration to perform tasks. Insomnia compromises the brain’s ability to process information. The effects of insomnia are numerous and influence the lives of people significantly (Morin et.

Effective Project Financial Management Tools Case Study

Effective Project Financial Management Tools - Case Study Example However the above mentioned studies will not be discussed in details. This paper will only evaluate the effectiveness of using cost estimations and budget in financial management project of the two companies. Project financial management is a process which brings together planning, budgeting, accounting, financial reporting, internal control, auditing, procurement, disbursement and the physical performance of the project with the aim of managing project resources properly and achieving the project's development objectives (world bank group). Financial management is the main character for the success of a project process. An accurate and relevant financial information provides a basis for better decisions, thus speeding up the progress of the project and the availability of the funds. An effective financial management provides the following: An effective financial management system is vital for projects because of the need to deliver services to target groups quickly over a large geographic area to a wide variety of stakeholders. One of the tools in financial management that is widely used is the Cost estimation and budget. Budgets are the financial work plan for projects, programs and organizations. Budgets that work are based on realistic assumptions, use good cost estimates and come from organizational processes that include board and staff members (J. Rouse, P.Rouse). Project financial management processes are organized into five groups of one or more processes each: Initiating processes-authorizing the project or phase. Planning processes-defining and refining objectives and selecting the best of the alternative courses of action to attain the objectives that the project was undertaken to address. Executing processes-coordinating people and other resources to carry out the plan. Controlling processes-ensuring that project objectives are met by monitoring and measuring progress regularly to identify variances from plan so that corrective action can be taken when necessary. Closing processes-formalizing acceptance of the project or phase and bringing it to an orderly end. Cost Estimations and Budgets In the financial management done by the ISS (International Space Station) for NASA has shown that the cost growth is contributed to many factors that are beyond the control of the project manager. The Project Manager was not able to clearly communicate the justification for his budget requests and the rationale for the cost growth because NASA has lacked a single standardized accounting system and the program has not developed and maintained a baseline lifecycle cost estimate. Past efforts to control costs through budgetary constraints have failed to achieve their stated purpose and have probably exacerbated the cost growth. The Arizona Department of Transportation (ADOT) was not able to determine the reasons for the cost increases because the data is not readily available from the Federal Highway Administration.

Equal Rights vs. Economic Restructuring Assignment

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Brave Software Companys Main Rivals Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Brave Software Companys Main Rivals - Assignment Example Also, most of these firms were founded long before Brave Software Company came into being. Therefore, their brands are better positioned in the market than Brave Software Company’s brands. Also, most of the Brave Software Company’s competitors have a bigger workforce than that of the Brave Software Company. Nevertheless, Brave Software Company’s competitors have weaknesses too. Most of these firms have been perceived as being less ‘technologically conscious’. Also, these competitors charge a relatively higher price on the software-based products and rely more on the traditional methods of advertising to reach out to their customers in the market. This is a plan aimed at reaching out to a particular segment of the market by developing a unique product that is more appealing to the customers (Simons, 2000). Different firms may, therefore, produce a similar item but they cannot sell exactly the same product in the market. Each of these firms has to package, price and even quantify the product in such a way that it looks different from the similar products on the market. In this case, Brave Software Company has embarked on a low-price strategy. Following the fact that most of the other companies in the industry charge a relatively high price on the software-based products, Brave Software Company has embarked on producing similar products at relatively lower prices. Further, these products have been developed in a way that they target a specific market and not the entire market. The company has also capitalized on specific advertising mechanisms to reach out to the specific group of customers in the market. Further, the company ha s a strong brand positioning statement. Having been established in the year 2010, Brave Software Company has worked towards providing the best software solutions to its respective customers. The company also aspires to grow beyond the geographical borders of the international market.

Reading Log and Case Study Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Reading Log and Case Study - Essay Example The most important resource available to organisations is human resource and their conducive functioning is ensured by a suitable organisational culture and climate. 2. Key insights (200 words) The state of the economy mandates that various organisations have to merge with each other in order to forge their survival. On the other hand, certain other organisations are trying to go for a change in their business operations through business process innovation. In order to support both kinds of activities, it is essential that organisations enhance their operating organisational culture and climate by innovating within its framework. The transition from one organisational cultural state to another cultural state is not only cumbersome but requires dedicated effort on multiple fronts. In order to make organisational culture and climate change a success it has to be adapted well to the existing organisational culture and organisational climate. This ensures that the transition between cult ural states is smooth and does not affect business operations negatively. In order to make the transition as smooth as possible, it is advisable to study the various involved sub-cultures within organisations in detail to identify possible transition problems. The resistance to change in organisational cultures is a present reality and needs to be dealt with on realistic footing. How can you key insights be applied in practice (200 words) In order to deal with organisation change on a stronger footing, it is necessary to implement organisational cultural change with greater understanding of the underlying sub cultures that would provide resistance to change. It is necessary to provide employees with means of feedback to gauge their assessment of the organisation’s culture and climate in order to develop new changes. Employee feedback could be received using questionnaires, surveys, one on one meeting by senior management and other similar methods. Once employee perception of existing organisational culture and climate is established, this baseline can then be used to plot a new direction for movement. During any major or minor organisational culture or climate change resistance will be encountered. The senior management of the business has to find avenues that will invite resistance from employees and then deal with these problems accordingly. For example, senior employees may show reluctance to upgrade their IT skills so the management would need to provide them with more intuitive and easy to use IT systems. These gaps and deficits must be assessed as realistically as possible and the use of external experts should not be ruled out. Case Study 1. How would you characterise current staff behaviour at the Yorkshire and Lincolnshire Bank? The current staff behaviour at Yorkshire and Lincolnshire Bank is characterised by a twofold description – the older staff is sticking to its old working values while the new staff is trying to innovate and incre ase competitiveness. Overall staff behaviour characterises the struggle between the old guard and the new innovators. 2. Do you feel that their behaviour is attributable to the changes that have taken place, and why? The behaviour of the staff is purely an outcome of the structural change at the bank given the merger. Instead of the staff being at loggerheads because of differentiated cultures from two organisations, the staff is in a struggle because change is being imposed and resisted. Older members

Case studies Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Studies - Case Study Example There could be other test which could clarify the situation as to whether the patient has actually a lung cancer. Reason being giving the patient timeline of 6-9 months to live could have a huge physiological affect on him. Even though patient looks competent, as he/she only has 6 – 9 months to live, he would have no time to reflect upon this situation and fully comprehend this information. If the patient is told about the condition, it is necessary that it is burdensome neither to the patient nor to his family. It could be a good time for the patient to prepare his will if he hasn’t up till now which would definitely benefit his family financially. If the patient has been living a sound, happy life before being admitted to the hospital, his active life style could just go apart if told about his condition. This would in turn result in his family suffering. Its better not to inform patient about his condition if his family and himself would be well off as others around him would be unfamiliar with his situation. If his family members fully understand the situation he is in, which should at the first place not be in, filling a malpractice claim would be the way to go given that the physician would eventually be found. Even if the family goes to court, there are particular laws which would eventually help his family to charge the physician. If the hospital suffers a major liability, it could close down thus, making it difficult or impossible for other patients to be treated and could result in them loosing there life. The filling claim has something to do with financial issues of the family as they might have run out of insurance cover for the patient thus, having liquidity issues and might be looking to redeem via filling a lawsuit. The patient has had a similar medical problem that is GL bleed due to alcoholism. This medical status suggests that his issues are more linked to something he can

Cross-functional teams Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

Cross-functional teams - Term Paper Example The sectors most affected by M&A activity have been service and knowledge based industries such as banking, insurance, pharmaceuticals, and leisure. Although M &A is a popular means of increasing or protecting market share, the strategy does not always deliver what is expected in terms of increased profitability or economies of scale. While the motives for mergers can variously be described as practical, psychological, or opportunist, the objective of all related M&A is to achieve synergy, or what is commonly referred to as the 2 +2 = 5 effect. However, as many organizations learn to their cost, the mere recognition of potential synergy is no guarantee that the combination will actually realize that potential (Cartwright, 1996). Understanding the Problems - Dysfunctional Organizations Most people have difficulty stating their organization’s strategy: what the organization wants to become, how it would like its people to behave, and what it will provide to which customers. In t he future, the reality is that the organization’s business and operating units march to priorities different from, if not contradictory to, those implied by its strategy. The majority of the people in an organization focus on day-to-day operational matters and their individual aspirations. Consequently, the strategy is never realized. Frustrated by the lack of forward progress, executives launch new communication, reorganization, process redesign, or technology initiatives. Everyone is doing more, and yet performance stagnates or even declines (Hammer, et al. 2001). Losing the Value of Mergers and Acquisitions AKPMG report found that, though 82% of respondents believed the deal they had transacted was a success, 83% of the same mergers failed to increase shareholder value. Of these transactions, 30% produced no discernible difference in shareholder value and 53% actually reduced value. Acquiring, merging, and demerging companies need long-term ways of enhancing shareholder va lue once the initial and obvious savings have been taken. But they usually focus on tactical integration, such as, organizational structure, support service or policies rather than on strategic integration in regards to customers, products, people or systems. However, to succeed both are needed (Kaplan, at el., (2001). The burning question remains – why do so many mergers fail to live up to a shareholder expectations? In the short term, many seemingly successful acquisitions look good, but disappointing productivity levels are often masked by onetime cost savings, asset disposals, or astute tax maneuvers that inflate balance-sheet figures during the first few years. Merger gains are notoriously difficult to assess. There are problems in selecting appropriate indices to make any assessment, as well as difficulties in deciding on a suitable measurement period. Typically the criteria selected by analysts are Profit-to-earnings ratios Stock-price fluctuations Managerial assessmen ts Irrespective of the evaluation method selected, the evidence on M&A performance is consistent in suggesting that a high proportion of M&A’

Public policy-making and analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Public policy-making and analysis - Essay Example Michael Lipsky gave an argument that the implementation of policy, will in the end return to people who are responsible for implementing the policy (Lipsky, 1980). Michael Lipsky further argues that employees of the state, such as social workers, and the police are always regarded as part and parcel of a policy making community. These people are also regarded as implementers of political power. On this basis, Lipsky (1980) denotes that street level bureaucrats are people responsible for interacting with citizens on a daily basis, and they provide a force behind the laws and the given rules in their various areas of expertise. On this basis, this bureaucrat includes state officials who are always below the rank, and they have the opportunity of daily interacting with regular citizens. This paper gives an evaluation of the significance of these street level bureaucrats in the implementation of a government policy. Jones (2013) denotes that a policy is a set of protocols or principles responsible for guiding decisions regarding the methods to use for purposes of achieving a rational outcome. Jones (2013) denotes that one of the major significance of street level bureaucrats in the implementation of a policy is that they are accessible to the public, and citizens of the state. It is important to denote that street level bureaucrats consist of the police, health workers, social workers, and government officials who interact with citizens on a one to one basis. On this basis, these bureaucrats are able to make a representation of the frontline of the policy of the government. For example, scholar denotes that when a police officer carry’s out a security operation, with an aim of mopping out terrorism cells, then the officer under consideration only implements a government policy regarding fighting terrorism. Another example includes a situation whereby a school

Food Crisis Essay Example for Free

Food Crisis Essay According to World Bank, they blame that the food crisis in Africa are causing by trade barrier. A lot of countries in Africa are restricted importing food from the border. Due to unfertilized land in a lot of parts in Africa, it causes people to discourage to be a farmer, so the food supply is less. However, African population is increasing rapidly. Therefore, the demand for food will just keep increasing. As a result, the demand for food would exceed supply for food in Africa. Before I move on to the next examples, I need to explain about the result of the demand exceed supply. Identical products around the world should fix in the law of one price, which mean that the identical products should sell at the same price around the world. This is because if it is not the same price, the country that sell high price would go to buy the low price product from another country and sell it to their country. Therefore, the country that sell product for low price with get a result in increasing demand which result in increasing in price. The supply for the high price product will be more because people import to sell in country, which result in decreasing in price. At the result, both countries will sell product at the same price. This will cause the exporter by the rest of the world need to sell the product at the same price (world price). Therefore, we can draw it in the graph as vertical lines while the supply in the country as an upward-sloping and the demand is downward-sloping, but food is necessary product, so the line should be more inelastic. Now we can plot all of this in to a graph, and a graph will look like this. The import is horizontal because of the world price, so they need to supply at this price. As you can see from the graph, the import is restrict at only the small amount according to Africa, only 5 percent of the food import, which resulting in demand exceeding supply, so we can apply this to the food crisis by trade restriction. Therefore, the price of food is increasing because there is high demand for food than supply in Africa, while the farmer is not encouraging by the government because only a little profit goes to them even though the price is high due to the government policy, so he Africa people suffer from hunger due to the unaffordable price of food. Not only Africa that face food crisis, but also the world is suffered during 2008. According to Europe, they claim that the world food crisis is because the trade restriction of many countries in the world such as Argentina, Russia, Japan and South Korea. These trade restrictions cause the price of food in the world to increase. People cannot afford the high price. Thus, the food crisis occurs and suffers many countries around the world. Food crisis occur in the country may lead to other problem. For example, the protest in Egypt also cause by raising cost of food in the country because of trade restriction. In long term solution to solve food crisis should be that the government should not intervene food price because food is necessary product; they choose restrict on the unnecessary product such as cigarette or alcohol instead. 20 million people in Africa are suffering from hunger nowadays due to this food crisis causing by trade restriction.

Compare and contrast Essay Example for Free

Compare and contrast Essay Over the last few weeks, I have learned about what makes an essay an essay, after reading the required chapters of â€Å"Essentials of College Writing† (Connell Soles, 2013) the knowledge needed to compare and contrast a narrative and descriptive essay is at my grasp. The essays I have chosen to use as support are â€Å"Homeless† by Anne Quindlen and â€Å"Are the Rich Happy?† by Stephen Leacock. While the differences between these two essays are apparent, the similarities are more recognizable. By using information, I have gained from the class I hope this paper can help you form your own opinion on which essay is superior. There are many different reasons why an author would write a narrative or descriptive essay and for each form, there is a main purpose, though it does not always have to be evident right away. A narrative story is to entertain or engage the reader, maybe for fun or to teach a lesson. In difference to a narrative, which can be truth or fiction, a descriptive is about a true event, person or place. The purpose of a descriptive essay is to create an accurate and vivid â€Å"picture† by using specific details. Details help you focus the reader’s attention on characteristics that make people, places, objects, and events unique and help them â€Å"come alive† for readers, a descriptive essay is about an actual person, place and/or event (Connell Soles, 2013). The author Stephen Leacock started his essay,† Are the Rich Happy?† with, â€Å"Let me admit at the outset that I write this essay without adequate material. I have never known, I have never seen, any rich people. Very often, I have thought I have found them. However, it turned out that it was not so. They were not rich at all. They were quite poor. They were hard up. They were pushed for money. They did not know where to turn for ten thousand dollars.† The essays purpose was not openly stated, I had to finish reading before I understood what point the author was trying to get across. In contrast, Quindlen began her essay â€Å"Homeless† by getting to the point from the very beginning, using words to describe exactly who and what she was writing about in her paper â€Å"Her name was Ann, and we met in the port authority Bus Terminal several Januarys ago. I was doing a story on homeless people. She said I was wasting my time talking to her; she was just passing through, although shed been passing through for more than two weeks. To prove to me that this was true, she rummaged through a tote bag and a manila envelope and finally unfolded a sheet of typing paper and brought out her photographs.† The author of both a narrative and a descriptive essay need to use elements to make sure that they maintain the reader’s attention. Like, the topic they have chosen to write about has to be interesting to others. Just because one person thinks something is interesting does not mean others will feel the same (Connell Soles, 2013). The author of ‘Are the Rich Happy? †˜ Stephen Leacock knew that money will always be an issue among man and no matter how much money one has they will always want more, because there will always be reason to need more and that they will never be happy with what they have. Anne Quindlen also knew that homeless is a major issue in the world and that others would have a related emotion attachment to this. Another element is the use of language that allows the readers’ senses to create the whole picture. A narrative uses words to represent physical objects rather than ideas, qualities, or concepts that help make characters come to life and give those personalities (Connell Soles, 2013). In contrast, a descriptive essay demands emotion and expressive details that are more precise when describing certain aspects such as the characters, the plot and the main idea of why the essay was wrote. As written in â€Å"Are the Rich Happy† By Stephen Leacock, â€Å" I know a man, for example his name is Spugg- whose private bank account was overdrawn last month by twenty thousand dollars. He told me so at dinner at his club, with apologies for feeling out of sorts. He said it was bothering him. He said he thought it rather unfair of his bank to have called this to his attention.†(Para 7) In her essay Homeless, Anna Quindlen wrote, â€Å"Home is where the heart is; there is no place like it. I love my home with ferocity totally out of proportion to it appearance and location† (Para 4). By expressing, her emotions about her home I feel Anna hoped to make the reader reflect on how they feel about there own home. Another example of a strong tone would be, â€Å"People find it curious that  those without homes would rather sleep sitting up on benches or huddled in doorways than go to shelters. Certainly some prefer to do so because they are emotionally ill, because they have been locked up before and they are determined no to be again. Others are afraid of the violence and trouble they may find there. But some seem to want something that is not available in a shelter and they will not compromise, not for cot, or oatmeal, or a shower.’(Quindlen, â€Å"Homeless†, Para 7) So far, we have compared the purpose for each essay, how each essay has an audience that the author must keep in mind and the language used to intrigue the readers. Finally, I want to compare their structures. All essays need organization, writers use a number of different strategies to organize information and, often, the choice of how to organize is based on one own judgment of what would be most effective (Connell Soles, 2013). The structures between the two essays are similar however; each has their own particular form. An author of a narrative essay can use chronological order, events arr anged in a chronological order that are organized by time, and may start with the earliest event and go forward in time to the present or start from the present and go backward in time and spatial order which means organized by direction.(Connell Soles, 2013). A third organizational structure that I have found to be very useful for a narrative is dramatic order The dramatic structure is common in many types of writing and uses these five elements, an opening paragraphs that has an introduction, the introduction should have a strong thesis that helps create questions in the readers mind; it should also captivate their imagination. The rising action should take up the majority of the story and should include interaction, dialogue and detailed descriptions of the characters and the environment. It should also explain the reason for writing the essay; the climax or turning point, which will be the moment the conflict comes into sharp focus and is resolved. The falling action is where the rest of the story falls into place and, the concluding paragraph that will end the essay with answers to the reader’s questions. The essay may conclude with a discussion of why the topic of interest is important (Connell Soles, 2013). As stated in Esse ntials of College writing second edition, a descriptive is very similar to a narrative because it to must have a sound structure, There must be an introduction that â€Å"tells readers what you will tell them†, a body that â€Å"tells them†, and a conclusion thatbbrings closure to your paper (Connell Soles, 2013). For the introduction, the author must accomplish a few goals: capture the readers’ attention by revealing the purpose of the paper, have a strong thesis statement and briefly describe the main points covered in the paper. For the body, which is the heart of your paper, the author must explain, describe, argue, explore, or elaborate on the point or thesis of the paper. The final part of the essay, the conclusion is where the author makes his or her final stand, they state they final opinion on the topic and they end the essay (Connell Soles, 2013, chap. 5). Are narrative and descriptive essay similar? Do they share the same purpose? My answer is yes. The similarities out weigh the differences and with this knowledge I have formed my opinion that neither form of essay is superior, but both equally matched. I believe that both essays inspire the readers’ creativity and help bring forth their own opinions on the topics. I have formed my opinion using the facts described ab ove, such as they both use expressive words to take a hold of their audience, they are wrote to create a clear picture of the characters and the plot, and they both have a similar structure. Based on the information I have gained I can say that the similarities are more recognizable than the differences. References Connell, Christine M Sole, Kathy Essentials of College Writing, 2013 Leacock, S. (1916). Are the rich happy? In R. Nordquist (Ed.), About.com Guide to Grammar Composition. Retrieved from http://grammar.about.com/od/classicessays/a/Are-the-Rich-Happy-by-Stephen-Leacock.htm Quindlen, A. (n.d.). Homeless. Retrieved from http://pers.dadeschools.net/prodev/homelesstext.htm

Different aspects regarding abortion

Different aspects regarding abortion Everyone has different aspects regarding abortion, when a fetus is determined to be a human or a human being and when or why someone should or should not have an abortion. In this paper I hope to open your eyes to the Pro-choice argument of abortion and why maybe it should be considered the womens choice and not to be determined by other opinions and views. There are several different arguments of when a fetus can be or should be considered a human or a human being. Pro- choice arguments do consider a fetus a human or they would not have an argument on abortion, but the question is when is a fetus considered a human being? What makes us a human being is the ability to be a recognized member of society. There can be no meaningful social participation or social acceptance for someone still living inside anothers body. Fetuses do not have a social identity, because of the fact that even names are not determined until after the birth and certification of a birth. Society simply places infants in a higher social value then fetuses, which is embedded in our history, culture and society. Some cultures babies arent deemed socially acceptable until later in life. The human species is estimated to have killed 10 to 15 percent of its born children.The point in life when one can be considered a human being is determined by social customs and social norms. Babies have not established a social identity as some older children or adults, because of their undeveloped human abilities and potential. Pro- Life arguments have completely different views. Pro-life are more of the religious side of abortion and why women should not abort a child. They determine that an embryo is a human as soon as the womens egg is fertilized with the sperm. Whether or not it does not have a heart beat or a functional brain, which is the determining factor that one is considered to be alive. The typical meaning of human being is a physical body of an acceptable size and shape with common dimensions; early embryos do not have similarities that define us as human beings.Zygotes and embryos are barely visible to the naked eye and have no bodies, brains, skeleton, or internal organs. Fetuses do not breath or can make sounds, they are not seen unless through ultrasound. They absorb nourishment and dispose of waste through an umbilical cord and placenta, not a mouth and anus like all other human beings. A early human fetus is almost indistinguishable as such and if put next to a dog or other animal fetus cannot be recognized as human. The brain is not yet able to have conscious thought, memory and doesnt develops a personality until after birth and social integration. But our complex brains are what set us apart from animals and define us as human beings. The brain is the seat of personhood.So how could one determine that this completely dependent cell is a human being? Pro-life advocates like to demand legal rights for fetuses. There is no support for fetuses as legal persons in international human rights codes. In almost all national constitutions fetuses are not treated as persons or humans. American citizenship is granted to those born in the United States (as per the 14th Amendment) and the word Everyone in the Canadian constitution has been deemed by the courts not to include fetuses. A Gallup survey taken in November 2009 suggest that 48 percent consider themselves pro-choice and 45 percent consider themselves anti-choice, compared to 42 percent pro-choice, 51 percent anti-choice in May 2009.This new research shows numbers close to the historic average, with a small majority of voters supporting choice: 51 percent believe abortion should be legal in all or most cases; 44 percent believe abortion should be illegal in all or most cases. Pro choice views also vary in not only social class and ethnicity but also in the age of the social class. For example 59 percent of young people—support a pro-choice position, 8 points higher than the overall average. Some of this difference may be an artifact of the difficulty of adequately representing the views of young people in landline surveys. In this research, the sample includes interviews among young people from landlines, cell phones, and the web, which better captures a diverse and increasingly mobile population. Youth reached through landlines are more likely to be married, own a ho use, and have started their own family, and less racially diverse, often resulting in a more conservative political outlook. Regardless of the views of society or the laws of human rights of a fetus, women will have abortions by any means they can. Whether they break the laws or risks lives doing it abortions will still continue to happen. Even the ones who believe abortion is murder and believe it is morally and ethically wrong but have chosen to go through with an abortion with continue to have them. So ultimately it has to be the womens choice and her moral conscience that will help her make these decisions. Thats why the decision should be left up to the pregnant women, and we should help provide safe, legal ways to have abortions. Ultimately, the status of a fetus or whether one wants to have an abortion or not is a matter of societys opinion, and the only opinion that should count is the opinion and decisions of the pregnant woman.

bruce almighty :: essays research papers

Bruce Almighty is Irresistible   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  There is a guilty pleasure one gets from watching characters we identify with struggle on screen, and we begin to think to ourselves that maybe our lives aren’t so bad after all. Such is the case in Bruce Almighty, a new release from Universal Pictures directed by Tom Shadyac. The movie is by no means sensational or groundbreaking, but it has an irresistible charm that draws in viewers in desperate need of a break from reality. The unfortunate protagonist (Jim Carrey) becomes convinced that God has abandoned him after he loses a coveted news anchor position to a slimy coworker. God (Morgan Freeman) grants Bruce his heavenly powers and challenges him to do a better job, pointing out that â€Å"†¦Gandhi only lasted a week!†   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Predictably, events spin out of control as Bruce is overwhelmed by prayers (received in the form of e-mails), and he manages to lose the only woman who had ever truly cared for him. It’s easy to wonder what caring and compassionate Jane sees in the somewhat narcissistic and negative Bruce, but Jennifer Aniston pulls off the role beautifully, with an ease that assures her movie career will continue to thrive. Of course, Carrey provides the life force of the movie, and it is his inimitable physical humor and impeccable comedic timing which save a script bordering on cheesy and overdone.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Most satisfying of all is watching Bruce’s conversion from a self-absorbed man suffering from a middle age crisis to a considerate human being aware of other people’s emotions. As God he initially grants all wishes, and pandemonium breaks out, as the real God explains that humans usually don’t know what will truly make them happy.

Essay --

Mrs. Elvira Medeiros went on to explain that as professionals it is our responsibility to concentrate on cognitive, physical, and social-emotional learning. I then asked her how she believes that the teachers of Creative Kids are able to achieve this goal, she said, â€Å"Our goal for all individuals (children) to attain knowledgable information in order to continue the developmental growth process through academically prepared lessons that will undoubtedly challenge every individual and promote development.† The teachers and children of Creative Kids Preschool and Day Care is not a familiar place for me as a professional setting. I have visited this school before only because my Aunt is teacher and caretaker for these children. The reason for my visit was a family matter however, the most recent visit was a professional/academical matter. I was able to sense that Creative Kids Preschool and Day Care provides a â€Å"home† and nurturing environment where children can feel safe and are free to enjoy the activities provided to them on a day to day basic with the help of teachers. While speaking with a few of the other teachers I could sense the amount of positive energy that they display for their kids and how they interact with the children. It almost made me want to change into the Education field. Key word, almost. During story time, I must say it was a bit difficult to capture the children’s focus because they just had play time. Therefore, they were a bit rowdy, which is normal for children. Thankfully, the teachers were able to quite the children within the matter of minutes. They did that by turning off the lights, for the children that usually means quite time. If that does not work the first time they use the 1, 2, 3 Method to qui... ...elt while applying for jobs as an Athletic Trainer. A few more questions that I asked Mrs. Medeiros was what drew her to working with children and she explained, â€Å"As a mom, children will always be a part of my life regardless when all my children grown up to be adults and get married.† Her comment about her children growing up and getting married was very touching because that is something my mother would also say. I suppose it is mothers instinct or intuition to feel this way. I intend on visiting the children of Creative Kids Preschool and Day Care due to there welcoming spirit towards me. The teachers were more than gracious towards me and suggested that I visit again for story time. Due to the children’s participation and involvement of story time, the teachers believe that it would contribute the development of the students comprehension and associative skills.